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Role of Computer Technology in Medical Illustration

¹ The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 N. Caroline St., Rm. 3254, Baltimore, MD 21287-0801.

View larger version (52K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1A. —Computer-rendered medical illustration series showing staging of transitional cell carcinoma in kidney. (Reprinted with permission from [8]) Computer allows illustrator to freely replace or edit background (three-dimensional CT reconstruction) and reuse underlying anatomic structures that will remain the same (i.e., kidney) throughout series. Traditionally, background and other structures would have to be resketched and rerendered for each stage, adding substantial time and cost.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1B. —Computer-rendered medical illustration series showing staging of transitional cell carcinoma in kidney. (Reprinted with permission from [8]) Computer allows illustrator to freely replace or edit background (three-dimensional CT reconstruction) and reuse underlying anatomic structures that will remain the same (i.e., kidney) throughout series. Traditionally, background and other structures would have to be resketched and rerendered for each stage, adding substantial time and cost.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1C. —Computer-rendered medical illustration series showing staging of transitional cell carcinoma in kidney. (Reprinted with permission from [8]) Computer allows illustrator to freely replace or edit background (three-dimensional CT reconstruction) and reuse underlying anatomic structures that will remain the same (i.e., kidney) throughout series. Traditionally, background and other structures would have to be resketched and rerendered for each stage, adding substantial time and cost.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1D. —Computer-rendered medical illustration series showing staging of transitional cell carcinoma in kidney. (Reprinted with permission from [8]) Computer allows illustrator to freely replace or edit background (three-dimensional CT reconstruction) and reuse underlying anatomic structures that will remain the same (i.e., kidney) throughout series. Traditionally, background and other structures would have to be resketched and rerendered for each stage, adding substantial time and cost.

View larger version (73K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2A. —Computer-rendered surgical illustration series showing partial nephrectomy procedure. (Reprinted with permission from [2]) This illustration shows reuse of part of original image. By placing specific parts of illustration, such as background, incision line, tumor, and instruments, on separate layers, illustrator has flexibility of editing each layer independently or completely turning each layer on or off. This illustration also incorporates three-dimensional CT reconstruction on background layer. It would be difficult to incorporate this CT image with traditional media. Although X-ray film has been painted over in past, computer allows much more flexibility for this process. In B, numeral 1 shows tumor removal, 2 indicates repair and closure of collecting system, and 3 shows injection of methylene blue into collecting system to detect any leaky areas.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2B. —Computer-rendered surgical illustration series showing partial nephrectomy procedure. (Reprinted with permission from [2]) This illustration shows reuse of part of original image. By placing specific parts of illustration, such as background, incision line, tumor, and instruments, on separate layers, illustrator has flexibility of editing each layer independently or completely turning each layer on or off. This illustration also incorporates three-dimensional CT reconstruction on background layer. It would be difficult to incorporate this CT image with traditional media. Although X-ray film has been painted over in past, computer allows much more flexibility for this process. In B, numeral 1 shows tumor removal, 2 indicates repair and closure of collecting system, and 3 shows injection of methylene blue into collecting system to detect any leaky areas.

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2C. —Computer-rendered surgical illustration series showing partial nephrectomy procedure. (Reprinted with permission from [2]) This illustration shows reuse of part of original image. By placing specific parts of illustration, such as background, incision line, tumor, and instruments, on separate layers, illustrator has flexibility of editing each layer independently or completely turning each layer on or off. This illustration also incorporates three-dimensional CT reconstruction on background layer. It would be difficult to incorporate this CT image with traditional media. Although X-ray film has been painted over in past, computer allows much more flexibility for this process. In B, numeral 1 shows tumor removal, 2 indicates repair and closure of collecting system, and 3 shows injection of methylene blue into collecting system to detect any leaky areas.

View larger version (125K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3A. —Traditionally rendered illustrations show many types of soft-tissue and muscular infections. (Reprinted with permission from [3]) This is only part of series of illustrations in which illustrator could have used same cross section of thigh anatomy to illustrate and simplify this concept. By creating this image with computer and Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), illustrator would have to draw and paint normal anatomy only once. Each subsequent illustration would be produced by placing normal thigh onto bottom layer and adding abnormal changes on separate top layer. Also, by using same anatomic data for foundation, viewer can quickly look at important information in each illustration without having to reorient to each new anatomic detail, such as in certain muscles or layers of fascia.

View larger version (127K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3B. —Traditionally rendered illustrations show many types of soft-tissue and muscular infections. (Reprinted with permission from [3]) This is only part of series of illustrations in which illustrator could have used same cross section of thigh anatomy to illustrate and simplify this concept. By creating this image with computer and Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), illustrator would have to draw and paint normal anatomy only once. Each subsequent illustration would be produced by placing normal thigh onto bottom layer and adding abnormal changes on separate top layer. Also, by using same anatomic data for foundation, viewer can quickly look at important information in each illustration without having to reorient to each new anatomic detail, such as in certain muscles or layers of fascia.

View larger version (82K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3C. —Traditionally rendered illustrations show many types of soft-tissue and muscular infections. (Reprinted with permission from [3]) This is only part of series of illustrations in which illustrator could have used same cross section of thigh anatomy to illustrate and simplify this concept. By creating this image with computer and Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), illustrator would have to draw and paint normal anatomy only once. Each subsequent illustration would be produced by placing normal thigh onto bottom layer and adding abnormal changes on separate top layer. Also, by using same anatomic data for foundation, viewer can quickly look at important information in each illustration without having to reorient to each new anatomic detail, such as in certain muscles or layers of fascia.

View larger version (79K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3D. —Traditionally rendered illustrations show many types of soft-tissue and muscular infections. (Reprinted with permission from [3]) This is only part of series of illustrations in which illustrator could have used same cross section of thigh anatomy to illustrate and simplify this concept. By creating this image with computer and Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), illustrator would have to draw and paint normal anatomy only once. Each subsequent illustration would be produced by placing normal thigh onto bottom layer and adding abnormal changes on separate top layer. Also, by using same anatomic data for foundation, viewer can quickly look at important information in each illustration without having to reorient to each new anatomic detail, such as in certain muscles or layers of fascia.

View larger version (115K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4A. —Volume-rendered CT images and computer-rendered medical illustration. Three-dimensional volume-rendered CT reference of pelvis in three-quarters view. (Reprinted with permission from [4])

View larger version (136K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4B. —Volume-rendered CT images and computer-rendered medical illustration. Three-dimensional volume-rendered CT reference of transplanted kidney shows anastomosis of renal and iliac veins. Traditional sketch was drawn from printed reference and then scanned for rendering on computer. (Reprinted with permission from [4])

View larger version (142K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4C. —Volume-rendered CT images and computer-rendered medical illustration. Computer-rendered illustration shows position of kidney after transplantation into pelvic region. This figure also shows use of combination of computer software to create electronic image that looks like traditionally rendered illustration. (Reprinted with permission from [5])

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