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Parallel Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Diffusion-Weighted MRI of the Liver: Preliminary Experience in Healthy Volunteers

¹ Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143.
² Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center, 560 First Ave., TCH–HW 202, New York, NY 10016.
³ Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.

View larger version (113K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1A. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1B. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (135K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1C. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1D. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (101K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1E. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (124K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1F. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (152K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1G. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (132K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1H. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

View larger version (127K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1I. —27-year-old healthy male volunteer. Transverse diffusion-weighted MR images of abdomen obtained at same level with three single-shot echo-planar imaging sequences without contrast injection: conventional diffusion (b = 0 sec/mm2 [A]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [B]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 0 sec/mm2 [C]), conventional diffusion (b = 500 sec/mm2 [D]), conventional diffusion with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [E]), diffusion tensor with parallel imaging (b = 500 sec/mm2 [F]), and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps [G–I]. More signal is noted on diffusion tensor image for b value of 500 sec/mm2 (F) than on conventional diffusion images without (D) and with (E) parallel imaging. Background noise is suppressed with parallel imaging. Hepatic ADC (x 10–3 mm2/sec) was (mean ± SD) 1.8 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion), 1.7 ± 0.4 (conventional diffusion with parallel imaging), and 1.9 ± 0.3 (diffusion tensor with parallel imaging).

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